Mswati Iii of Swaziland free essay sample

Swaziland is the ruler of Swaziland, and leader of the Swazi Royal Family. He succeeded his late dad, Sobhuza II, in 1986. Early life He is one of numerous children of King Sobhuza II (who had 70 spouses and at the hour of his passing left more than 1000 grandkids) and the lone offspring of Ntombi Tfwala, otherwise called Inkhosikati LaTfwala, one of the Kings more youthful wives. He was conceived at the Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, just four months before Swaziland accomplished autonomy from Britain, and after he and his mom were released from the clinic they went to live at one of King Sobhuzas homes of Etjeni close Masundwini Palace. His original name was Makhosetive (King of Nations). As a youthful sovereign, Makhosetive went to Masundwini Primary School and Lozitha Palace School. He sat for the Swaziland Primary Certificate assessment in December 1982 at Phondo Royal Residence and got a First Class with merit in Mathematics and English. We will compose a custom paper test on Mswati Iii of Swaziland or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He built up an extraordinary enthusiasm for the regal gatekeeper, turning into the main youthful cadet to join the Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force (USDF). In September 2008, Mswati III was relied upon to pick his fourteenth spouse at a function of uncovered breasted female virgins. Rule When his dad kicked the bucket of pneumonia in 1982, the regal board Liqoqo headed by Prince Mfanasibili picked the 14-year-old sovereign Makhosetive to be the following lord. The extraordinary chamber was left with the errand to do this after one of King Sobhuzas final words. For the following four years two spouses of the late King Sobhuza II filled in as official, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982â€1983) and Queen Ntombi Tfwala (1983â€1986) while he proceeded with his training in England, going to Sherborne School before he was brought back to dominate. Lord He was presented as Crown Prince in September 1983 and was delegated King on April 25, 1986, matured 18 years and 6 days, and in this way making him the most youthful ruling ruler. The ruler and his mom, whose title is Indlovukazi (Great She-Elephant), rule together. Today he is Africas last total ruler as in he has the ability to pick the PM, other top government posts and top conventional posts. Despite the fact that he makes the arrangements, he despite everything needs to get unique counsel from the sovereign mother and chamber, for instance when he picks the executive. With regards to delegating the bureau, he gets prompt from the head administrator. He acquired a standard by declaration, however restored the countries Parliament, which had been broken down by his dad because of the mayhem of the multiparty framework, that was seen as breaking the nation separated at the time thinking about that the nation had quite recently got its autonomy. The nation as of now has its own kind of majority rule government called the Tinkhundla framework and has a constitution which permits opportunity of gathering and free discourse for both the media and general society. The Swaziland media in meetings with other local media houses (MISA) says it is allowed to report however it sees fit. In 2001, every single unmarried lady were set under the modesty ceremony of umcwasho between 9 September 2001 and 19 August 2005 trying to control the spread of HIV and AIDS. This ritual (re-presented after recommendation from NGOs), restricted sexual relations for Swazis under 18 years old, yet in 2005, he disregarded this declaration when he wedded a 17-year-old young lady, who turned into his thirteenth spouse. According to custom, he was fined a dairy animals by individuals from her regiment, which he properly paid. Progression In Swaziland no lord can select his replacement. Just a free uncommon customary Council called the Liqoqo chooses which of the spouses will be Great Wife and Indlovukazi (She-Elephant/Queen Mother). The child of this Great Wife will consequently turn into the following lord. The Great Wife should just have one child (seemingly) and be of acceptable character. Her character influences her childs odds of climbing to the authority. As indicated by Swazi culture, a child can't be the beneficiary if his mom isn't of acceptable standing. She should not hold up under the original surname of Nkhosi-Dlamini and she should not be a custom spouse (I. . the oldest child is never the beneficiary). The King as of now has thirteen spouses. A Swazi Kings initial two spouses are picked for him by the national councilors. These two have uncommon capacities in ceremonies and their children can never guarantee Kingship. The primary spouse must be an individual from the Matsebula group, the second of the Motsa family. As indicated by custom, he can jus t wed his fiancees after they have fallen pregnant, demonstrating they can endure beneficiaries. Up to that point, they are named liphovela, or ladies.

Unemployment Inflation And Gdp In The Us Economics Essay

Three cardinal components qualify the developing of a monetary framework. They incorporate pace of joblessness, rising costs and arranged figures that characterize the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . A reappraisal of these issues is basic so as to give the peruser some great fear of financial developing. Orchestrating to the Bureau of Statistics, joblessness rate in the United States appears to lifting to some degree than anticipated. The organization keeps up that 8.8 % of adult work powers and 7.9 % of their female inverse numbers harvest time under the jobless class. In add-on, the pace of rising costs as showed by most recent examination from the organization appears to on the ascent. This has brought about the general expansion of customer money related worth list by up to 1.6 % before any signifier of occasional convenience. At long last figures from the Bureau of financial investigation demonstrate that the GDP for the fourth one-fourth of 2010 rose by 3.2 % . This is to a gr eat extent ascribed to popularity of work and augmentations in things financial qualities. This data is essential for family, financial specialists and strategy shapers towards the developing and advancement of the monetary system.FamiliesInflation is the most relevant issue that influences numerous families in the United States. Phil ‘s Stock World ( 2011 ) on his comment in the twofold approval quagmire declares that, fitting to informations from arranged transcripts, the Federal Reserve is as yet uninterested about rising costs, in malevolence of significant grounds despite what might be expected. Indeed, the Fed is so uninterested about rising costs that, it expected to advert â€Å" rising costs † multiple times in its investigation. Phil et Al ( 2011 ) proceeds to include that, due to the just passed planetary practical emergency, families ought to non foresee an expedient relief. Actually the Fed anticipates that the inert rate should remain â€Å" raised † at the terminal of 2012 ; despite the fact that it asserted a lifting existent GDP may simple chop down joblessness. An examination led on 60000 families demonstrates that rising costs does non offer any signifier of modification focused on change by reversaling the descending inclination in joblessness degrees. Morgan Stanley is of the position that in spite of the fact that work was accounted for to hold fallen by 622000, this data is as yet nonmeaningful. No vulnerability, money related estimations of common stuffs have risen. There are some essential justification for this upward propensity. The planetary developing marvel is somewhat to blame. Expanded interest from China, India, and Africa among others will set upward power per unit territory on exchange great financial qualities. It is superseding to see that exchange great financial qualities are other than a guide of association rates. Low association rates cause a near expansion in the estimation of low finished stocks ( because of bring down limiting ) , making less motivating force for extraction, and cut bringing down the expense of ke eping stock records ( Phil et al 2011 ) .InvestorsInflation impacts financial specialist ‘s judgments in progressively lush manners when contrasted with families. With an expansion in inflationary power per unit zone, association rates will be high and consequently decline in contributing. Phil et Al ( 2011 ) takes note of that, sing the tenacious travel up in stocks, â€Å" Our market marks, breakout two degrees, and significant escape degrees are providing increasingly bullish fuel to our market proposition. † He further calls attention to that, the U.S. security markets were reacting to inflationary concerns, following in Treasury-security yields lifting and security money related qualities falling. Phil et al farther contends that, â€Å" everything returns to rising costs. The Fed only does n't trust it exists or, on the off chance that it does, trusts it wo n't last. It ca n't reallyA lose. The Fed can simply be off base this gathering thus make nil and deferral until following gathering thus ‘reevaluate. ‘ Morgan et al 2011, conversely contends that fitting to the FOMC proceedingss, â€Å" numerous members anticipate that, with significant leeway in asset markets and longer-term rising costs viewpoints stable, strides of core rising costs would remain close to current degrees in coming quarters † . This implies rising costs is probably going to affect speculators ‘ conclusions especially corresponding to transient investings.Policy MakersThe strategy shapers play a significant capacity in the running of the monetary framework. Morgan et Al repeats that with the solid monetary backlash, strategy creators are presently following a to some degree hostile to recurrent position. The essential equalization ( runing gross less whole outgo ) is relied upon to go from a deficiency of 0.3 % of GDP in F2010 to an abundance of 0.3 % in F2011. In the interim, the general spending balance ( which takes into history specific tran sportations, top-ups and net contributing returns part ) is relied upon to go from a lack of 0.1 % of GDP in F2010 to an abundance of 0.03 % in 2011. In particular, the swing from a little deficiency spot to a pretty much adjusted financial plan is mostly because of the expansion specifically transportations being counterbalanced by reductions being developed outgo. In add-on to that so as to climb g.d.p the Fed has a figure of instruments (, for example, opposite rest and clasp sedimentations for depositary foundations ) to take state armies from the financial framework when suitable. Be that as it may, a fresh fixing in monetary arrangement is far-fetched. The Fed will at long last hold to take the pes off the gas pedal ( non needfully â€Å" hitting the brakes † ) as a â€Å" normalization † of monetary arrangement. Evacuating the restrictive committedness to keep up short-run inclusion rates close to nothing for â€Å" a drawn-out period † will rely upon an adjustment in the Fed ‘s announced conditions: low paces of asset use ( comparably, a raised joblessness rate ) ; a low verifiable in propensity in rising costs ; and all around tied down rising costs viewpoints ( Morgan et al 2011 ) .

Cross-Cultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Culturally diverse Management - Essay Example In any case, it has additionally acquired certain significant difficulties for these associations to prevail in the worldwide field. There are different determinants for universal business that limit the hierarchical abilities to benefit openings globally. One of the significant determinants that numerous specialists have considered is the multifaceted parts of the universal business. Social contrasts are regularly hard to watch and measure while inability to comprehend the way of life may effectsly affect the business association that can diminish the business execution (Ghemawat and Reiche, 2011). The poor comprehension of cross culture affects the business procedure just as on the administration as it might build the inclination towards submitting business botches. Remarkably, the achievement or the disappointment of business enormously depends on the presentation of HR inside associations. Subsequently, the confinement of specific understandings such language, business decorum, s tandards and qualities by the HR in an association at worldwide level has regularly fell numerous business associations (The Culturosity Group, LLC, 2004) Overview of the Airbus Consortium Airbus is an auxiliary organization of Netherlands based European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS) with its headquarter situated in Toulouse, France and the creativity of significant European nations including France, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom is joined to make a goliath organization to rival other significant organizations, for example, Boeing of the United States. The consortium is a key producer of military airlifters just as business jetliners, constantly included since past 40 years (Airbus S.A.S., 2012). Airbus works all inclusive and makes an incentive for its across the board clients and investors. The organization utilizes in excess of 55,000 faculty from more than 100 nationalities around the globe. The company’s tasks extraordinarily depend on mechanical co llaboration just as on organization with world’s a couple of the significant organizations. The organization has in excess of 1500 providers spread more than 30 nations. Its prosperity is credited to a blend of thoughts, vision and information, for example, a mix of differing societies in its work procedure. The organization with its worldwide nearness and extending business tasks has now become a global family (Airbus S. A. S., 2012). Source: (Observatory of Sustainability in Aviation, 2012) Cross-Cultural Issues Faced By the Airbus Consortium Airbus consortium is a global organization which has workforce from all around the globe. Be that as it may, the organization has consistently been wary and has regarded assorted variety and business morals inside the association. The organization persistently endeavors to look for circumstances so as to receive the rewards gave by socially assorted workforce submitted towards achieving the authoritative objectives. The organization wi th its multi-culture group guarantees that it is proficient to comprehend the different needs of its assorted clients, partners and

Medical Law deals Essays

Clinical Law bargains Essays Clinical Law bargains Paper Clinical Law bargains Paper Clinical Law manages the moral and philosophical issues clinical calling experiences over the span of treatment of patients. There is no different enactment all things considered yet it incorporates contract law, tort law and criminal law for the most part and also authoritative law, procedural law, trusts, clashes of laws, work law, and individual and protected innovation law. All these identifying with the human body â€Å"recognised as a hugely unpredictable list of social perspectives, and inner conflict, social articulation, and desires, open portrayals, and guideline. Clinical Law is anything but a subject however an obligation and to a great extent is a procedure of naming,blaming,claiming and declaiming each having moral and philosophical measurements. (Morgan 2001 p 4) Medical Ethics Medical Law can be translated as group of clinical morals offering ascend to virtues clashing with clinical cases and covers numerous standards in the related parts of human services morals and nursing morals. Numerous a period clinical network is stood up to with issues contacting the estimations of individual patient, family and non-clinical network. The qualities arsing out of clinical morals are: 1) Beneficence ((Salus aegroti suprema lex. ) Best enthusiasm of the patient ought to be the most extreme rationale in the psyche of the clinical professional while treating a patient. 2) Non-wrathfulness (Primum non nocere) Doing no damage under any conditions ought to be the proverb for the clinical calling. 3) Autonomy (Voluntas aegroti suprema lex) Freedom ought to be accessible to patients to profit or decay a line of treatment. 4) Justice Optimum utilization of wellbeing assets which are rare to be made accessible to the most meriting cases. 5) Dignity Poise of the patient and the specialist ought not be relinquished during the time spent treatment. 6) Truthfulness and genuineness This is emerging out of idea of â€Å"informed consent† directed by the recorded occasions of Nuremberg preliminaries and Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Regularly it gets hard to unbendingly apply these out of this world into strife with reality for the most part concerning the patients’ prosperity regardless of whether it implies that patient should pass on for good. In the United Kingdom Good Medical Practice rules have been given by General Medical Council to act under these circumstances. Methods of reasoning in dynamic in medicinal services by Professionals, administrators and approach creators Deontology It is the idea of obligation or good commitment. (Webster’s 1978) If individual acts wrongly for good and properly for a negative result, it is an infringement of deontology. The hypothesis of deontology was propounded by German Philosopher Immanuel Kant. He demanded that obligation must be total and all out which must be constantly completed uninfluenced by conditions. What is correct must be maintained. This sort of obligation is not normal for unexpected obligation to be performed relying on the need. This total obligation called clear cut basic has been endorsed by Kant as follows. One’s activity ought to be guided by the standards which ought to be all around pertinent to all keeping in see that humankind is the two methods just as an end and as though one is a legislator. Deontology contends for setting down of the principles for taking good choices to be appropriate similarly for all on the reason that God’s human manifestations are equivalent. What's more, for who don't put stock in God, still the all people are equivalent as they share similar qualities. Pundits of Kant’s Deontology were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Jeremy Bentham kept up that Deontology is a doublespeak for profound quality and that firm standards of Kant’s normal law or widespread explanation are abstract. John Stuart Mill held that since Deontology doesn't endorse which will win whether rights or struggle when the two clashes, Deontology doesn't direct us in such circumstances. â€Å"Shelly Kagan, a present teacher of theory at Yale University, notes on the side of Mill and Bentham that under deontology, people are limited by imperatives, (for example, the prerequisite not to kill), but on the other hand are given choices, (for example, the privilege not to offer cash to noble cause, in the event that they don't wish to). His line of assault on deontology is first to show that requirements are constantly improper, and afterward to show that alternatives are indecent without imperatives. Another, random scrutinize of deontological morals originates from aretaic speculations, which regularly keep up that neither results nor obligations however character ought to be the point of convergence of moral hypothesis. The old Greek rationalist Aristotle, for instance, looked to portray what attributes an upright individual would have, and afterward contended that individuals should act as per these characteristics† ( Kant 1964) Consequentialism The hypothesis of consequentialism is accuracy or in any case of an activity relies upon its result not at all like deontological perspective on supremacy of ethical quality. Thus an activity isn't exploitative in the event that it brings about more noteworthy bit of leeway than the harm it causes. It is likened to moving toward the issues by gauging cost against advantage bringing about best result by choosing the correct activity. This important based choice is what is referred to as utilitarianism which analyzes utility as a proportion of greatest advantage for the most extreme number conceivable. Streamlining and better expectation for everyday comforts are the other two guns of consequentialism. Quality-balanced life-years (QALYs) or Disability-balanced life-years (DALYs) are the two estimates that decide the estimation of expectation for everyday comforts. Backers of consequentialism don't give a lot of confidence to standards when managing realism particularly life and demise matters as the purported standards are not fit for being perceived, given need and approved. Anyway pundits hold the view that consequentialism brings about the end supporting the methods by giving up privileges of a person for the benefit of all. The over two speculations of deontology and consequentialism assume essential jobs in human services dynamic which conjures ethics. This part of information is biomedical morals. As of now talked about above, while taking wellbeing related moral choices, the four standards to be followed are regard for self-governance, usefulness, non-perniciousness and equity for the patients and their family and network. (Beauchamp, T and Childress, J 2001) The doctor ought to ask himself whether his activity would abuse the patient’s individual independence, regardless of whether all concerned have agreed to his activity and whether he regards their picking in an unexpected way. He should know whether his activity brings about advantages or any one will influenced by his activity wherein case what he can do to relieve the misery. He ought to inquire as to whether he has educated the patient or potentially the patient’s relatives of the dangers honestly and in the event of emergency how best he can keep away from the damage prone to be caused. Further he ought to perceive all the gatherings liable to be influenced by his activity and whether his activity will be reasonable and if there is any extension for making it increasingly legitimate. (Carter 2002) Deontology and Consequentialism delineated In clinics it is a training keep once in a while organs and tissues of babies and embryos after posthumous for the instructive purposes. While educated assent for this is right now being taken from the guardians, there was no such act of taking educated agree 10 to 20 years prior. Of late it came to be realized that a few emergency clinics in England had kept the organs without educated assent which was found by the guardians concerned. Medical clinic legitimized their activity as paternalistic so as to keep away from passionate issues for the guardians and simultaneously for the reasons of advantages accumulating to society through research and instruction utilizing the held organs. This issue offers ascend to conversation on moral relativism, utilitarianism, and Kantian morals and biomedical morals as these standards are comparative with time and spot. (Arcus and Kessel 2002) Moral relativism is about changes after some time and spot in that morals relies upon history, culture and setting. Galen, the commended physicist of Rome used to do his exploration on pigs and mutts as it was respected corrupt to deal with organs of people in his time. By the turn of nineteenth century human bodies opened up to England Hospitals through covert sources from the graves principally for their instructing purposes. Today that these practices can't be legitimized without assent, is good relativism. Simultaneously same similarity can not be utilized for Nazi investigations on detainees during the world war II under good relativism system. This is so in light of the fact that standards are the equivalent paying little heed to the time. Since maintenance of organs without assent was as yet moral for its sincere goals and Nazi examinations were untrustworthy for the torment they executed on people. Moral relativism can not be applied in any event, during the bygone era under the reason ‘value changes over time’. Deontology dependent working tells that individuals ought to be treated as finishes in themselves and not as necessary chore. Parents’ contention is that the organs of their infants are utilized for inquire about and not as finishes in themselves. In the nations of Buddhists and Hindus, condition of assemblages of the dead is significant as they have confidence in resurrection. Henceforth under Deontology maintenance of the organs is exploitative. Then again consequentialism permits maintenance of the organs for the reasons of advantages to society. In circumstances, for example, these when ethics and obligations collide, the above said four standards I. e. regard for self-sufficiency, advantage, non-perniciousness and equity ought to be

No Topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No Topic - Assignment Example The organization is giving a valiant effort to improve the framework, yet needs more data about its clients. The data about clients and their needs is important to increase new clients. The information ought to be accumulated and appropriately broke down to become acquainted with whom to concentrate on. The organization won't make any IT advancements, yet they despite everything need to utilize data advances. IT are utilized by the contenders and it is fundamental to utilize them to maintain the upper hand. The likely procedure to draw in new clients is generally talked about by the Carnival’s administrators. One of the most significant things is to make the clients faithful. The one potential path is to utilize customers’ relationship the executives. CRM system has been as of now applied however because of the fairly dismissing disposition towards data advances, the technique was not applied effectively. CRM system can assist Carnival with drawing in new clients and assemble significant information about them

The Connection Between PTSD and Pain

The Connection Between PTSD and Pain PTSD Related Conditions Print How Pain and PTSD Occur Together By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Tom Merton/Getty Images If you have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), your doctor may have explained that youre at higher risk for other health problems such as depression and heart disease. But you may be surprised to learn that people with PTSD are also more likely to have problems with pain than people who dont.?? Whats the story behind PTSD and pain? PTSD and Pain Frequency Studies show that pain is one of the most common physical problems reported by people with PTSD.?? This finding holds true no matter what types of traumatic events they experiencedâ€"for example, a motor vehicle accident, physical assault, or combat injury. People with PTSD are also more likely to report pain-related disability. In one study of volunteer firefighters with PTSD, approximately 50% were having pain (mainly back pain) compared with only about 20% of firefighters without PTSD.In two other studies, from 20% to 30% of patients with PTSD had frequent and chronic pain symptoms. You can also look at this situation in reverse. Many patients with chronic pain problems also have PTSD. In fact, from 10 percent to 50 percent of people getting treatment for chronic pain have PTSD as well. These rates of PTSD are higher than those found in the general population.?? Why Do They Occur Together? One reason is obvious: Many traumatic events cause pain. Severe traumatic events, such as living through a natural disaster, physical assault, or combat, can inflict serious injuries that lead to chronic pain. The more severe the traumatic event, the more likely it is that severe injury, along with PTSD, will result. The second reason why PTSD and pain occur together so often isnt as obvious, but its just as important to know: Some symptoms of PTSD may cause pain. For example, PTSD-related hyperarousal symptoms often cause tense muscle pain that can become chronic. Then theres the pain that can be caused by other disorders that commonly occur with PTSD, such as depression, which is common in people with PTSD?? and can make them more likely to avoid or scale down physical activities that were helping them stay fit. This may result in poorer health and even disability--increasing their risk of developing pain problems. Treat Both for Best Results If you have both PTSD and pain, getting treatment for both can make a big difference in how you feel. Since PTSD symptoms can give rise to pain, getting treatment for them may help you prevent or reduce pain problems. Considering PTSD treatment? You can use  the Anxiety Disorder Association of America to find PTSD treatment providers in your area. If you already have trauma-related pain and PTSD, getting treatment may help with two types of problems: Your physical painThe upsetting PTSD symptoms pain from trauma can trigger, such as memories or thoughts about your traumatic event The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Rhetorical Analysis of Kahlenberg’s “The Genius of Obama’s Two-Year College Proposal” - 550 Words

Rhetorical Analysis of Kahlenberg's â€Å"The Genius of Obama's Two-Year College Proposal† (Essay Sample) Content: Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Name Professor Course Number Date Rhetorical Analysis of Kahlenbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s "The Genius of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Two-Year College Proposalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Most students believe that accessing higher education is the key to getting a good job and achieving the American dream. Well, this assumption is true to some extent. However, the cost of attaining such education is the limiting factor, which has prompted various lobby groups and educational agencies to advocate free college education. In "the genius of Obama's Two-Year College Proposal," posted on 12th January 2015 in The Atlantic, Kahlenberg argues that most critics challenge the ability of this strategy to tackle the initial issues that hinder higher education. Contrarily, he believes that this policy will foster socioeconomic integration in institutions of higher learning. Kahlenberg incorporates emotional appeals into his purposeful tone to bolster the credibility and strength of his argument. Throughout the article, the author employs various sources that ensure credibility and appeal to ethos. For instance, Kahlenberg includes the study by Anthony Carnevale and Jeff Strohl to reiterate that wealthy students outnumber poor students in most colleges (Kahlenberg). Moreover, the research of these scholars suggests an increase in the number of poor students joining colleges between 1982 and 2006. Kahlenberg also incorporates the study findings of Bridget Terry and Michel Kuhlaender, which portrays poor performance of economically challenged students (Kahlenberg). Utilizing these sources reassures the readers that the author has conducted sufficient research. In essence, he has provided factual evidence and expert opinions that build the credibility of his arguments. Besides his appeal to ethos, Kahlenberg also appeals to logos due to the presence of various facts, statistics, and logical progressions to develop his argument. For example, he provides accurate figures based on the 2011 Delta Project report to emphasize the difference in higher education spending (Kahlenberg). Additionally, he uses the ratio of 14: 1 to illustrate the high proportion of wealthy students in colleges. In another scenario, Kahlenberg exclaims at the 90% of graduating students in Tennessee that have embraced the universal community college program (Kahlenberg). Ideally, these statistics and numbers support the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claims concerning the validity of Obamaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s two-year college proposal. As a result, it creates a logical appeal to the readers and enhances their understanding of the topic. Furthermore, the author uses a formal tone to express his ideas and develop a perfect understanding of the audience. Apparently, he does not use personal pronouns and rhetorical questions throughout his piece. The formal tone in this argument makes the case clear and intelligent. It bolsters the credibility and influences the perception and confiden...

Journal Topics for Self Understanding

The following journal topics all are geared to help students learn a little more about themselves as they grow in self-understanding. In addition to the topics listed below, associative writing, the writing of thoughts as fast as they come to mind without worrying about sentence structure or punctuation, may be particularly helpful when a student is troubled or experiencing writers block. When I need time for myself...If I could live anywhereI really miss...I never expected...An unusual day in my lifeFor my birthday Id like...The worst gift I ever got...I daydream most about...I really wish....Something few people realize about meI wish I werent so...One of my best points is...One of my most important goals is...I dream that one day...My hardest class isWhat makes me feel proud isIm glad Im alive whenSome little things I often forget to enjoyAssociative Writing: Associative writing, also called free writing, requires that the student writes his or her thoughts as fast as they come to mind with no attention to sentence structure or punctuation. The technique may be particularly helpful when a student is troubled or suffering from writers block. Although I like to teach students how and when to use associative writing, I prefer that they do it outside of class and not as an English assignment.

China s One Child Policy - 1227 Words

The one child policy in the Peoples Republic of China has recently been lifted to allowed families to freely have two children rather than one. This policy, introduced to China in the late 1970’s, was due to a massive baby boom which had taken place in the 1960’s. In the early to late 1950’s the Chinese government had encouraged its citizens to produce children at a rapid rate in the hope of building a larger work force (Managing Population Change Case Study: China). In order to counteract this boom, the 1970’s Chinese government implemented the one child law in the hopes of slowing the birth rates of the rapidly growing population of China. Other positive effects of this law would not only be a lowered population in an extremely overpopulated populated country, but it would also allow more families access to free child care, health care, and education. Although this law sounds fantastic and was placed with a positive out come in mind, the exact opposite e ffect took place. This policy had many, mostly negative, effects on the lives of the Chinese citizens. The first issue of many was that a thousands of needed, or wanted, to have more than one child and while the law was strict some found ways to bypass the it. One approach was to have one child, not register the birth, have a second child soon after and register them as twins (Eggers 159). Another way to skirt around the law was to have the first child and, if it was a female, not register the first child’s birth thenShow MoreRelatedChina s One Child Policy1000 Words   |  4 PagesChina’s One Child Policy. This is something that I am against. I do not think you should limit a family to one child. There are many problems with this policy that I do not think were thought about when the policy was created. I have not found many good things about this policy. The only positive thing I have found about this policy is that it creates many chances for adoption. But most of these children who are up for adoption do not get adopted. So I do not support China’s one-child policy. One reasonRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1745 Words   |  7 PagesChina’s One Child policy is a policy that the Chinese government introduced in 1979 to try and solve the problem of overpopulation. The Policy’s main purpose was to make sure that China could support its large population with facilities such as healthcare, education, housing, good jobs and most importantly, food. The aim was to reduce poverty and to improve overall quality of life for the people. China’s one-child policy has led to unintended and negative consequences, such as a diminishing laborRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe One Child Policy China has had the new population control for almost 36 years, composed by the one-child policy and prohibited excess reproduction. The birth control plan has received praise on reducing the population, but also received criticism over the late 20th century. In 1979, couples were forced to pledge not to give second birth or bear any more children (Feng, 2014). From 1979 to 2015, while the population growth rate has reduced substantially, this implementation has been tremendouslyRead MoreChina s One Child Policy1925 Words   |  8 Pagespeople. It is the most populous country in the world and it is only increasing. The Chinese government has spent more than 40 years trying to slow their population growth. They have done so through their controversial one child policy. There is no denying that China’s one child policy changed the lives of Chinese citizens when it the Chinese Communist Party [CCP] in 1979 as a way of controlling population. Under Mao, the government encouraged fa milies to have as many children as possible, believingRead MoreChina s One Child Policy964 Words   |  4 PagesThus, by 1975, the Chinese government had reversed their policy on population growth (Clarke), adopting the slogan â€Å"Later, Longer, Fewer.† This campaign urged couples to have two to three children and to begin reproducing at a later age, as well as promoting improved sanitation and healthcare to as to increase life expectancy (â€Å"5 Things to Know About China’s 1-Child Policy†). In 1979, the Chinese government introduced the One-Child Policy, which consisted of a set of regulations governing the approvedRead MoreRepercussions Of China s One Child Policy883 Words   |  4 PagesChina’s One Child Policy â€Å"China Will Have another Major Demographic Problem,† is an article on About.com written by Matt Rosernberg. It explains the great imbalance between man and women due to China’s One Child Policy, and how this situation will disturb the stability and development of China because the high numbers of bachelors tend to damage community by doing crimes and violence. The policy says that a couple could only have a child. This was created as a temporary solution since China was overpopulatedRead MoreChildren Of The Dragon : China s One Child Policy1298 Words   |  6 PagesChildren of the Dragon: China’s One-Child Policy The earth’s growing population is a global concern. Both developed and third-world countries, are experiencing shortages of food, water and access to adequate healthcare. Although the poorest are hardest hit, even powerful countries like the United States and Great Brittan have been affected. Recent shortages of medication and fuel are contributing to speculation and concern. Governments the world over are turning to alternative energy and sustainableRead MoreUnintended Consequences Of China s One Child Policy1907 Words   |  8 Pagescontradicts the one-child policy implemented in China. The one-child policy was a program designed to restrict Chinese families to only one child, with severe consequences lined up for those who disobeyed. It was met with harsh opposition, from Chinese citizens as well as from other countries. The policy succeeded in creating smaller families, but it unleashed a slew of unintended consequences, including a higher crime rate and an increase in the elderly population, who only have one child to supportRead MoreChina s One Child Policy : Destructive Or Constructive?2001 Words   |  9 PagesChina’s One-Child Policy: Destructive or Constructive? Classical Argument Essay China’s one-child policy has created a wide range of debates as to whether it is helpful or detrimental to the country due to the conditions it holds. In 1978, China discussed a law stating married couples could only have one child within their lifetime. This policy was eventually applied a couple years later, in 1980, after they discussed the various terms of the policy. After several years of action, China added flexibilityRead MoreChina And Indi Driving Forces Of Overpopulation712 Words   |  3 PagesEmre Can AydÄ ±n Writing Assignment 104A 03/15/2015 China and India: Driving Forces of Overpopulation According to BBC, India s population reached nearly 1.21bn (India census: population goes up to 1.21bn). China is also has the population of 1.36bn according to Chinese Government (China Statistical Yearbook-2014). That s almost the half of the Earth s population. There are negative outcomes of this situation like poverty, depletion of resources and disturbed cultural structures. Actually

The Policy Impact On The Real Estate Industry - 1163 Words

The Policy Impact on the Real Estate Monopolist in China Just a couple weeks ago, many cities in China have begun to loosen the restriction. In China, 2010, Chinese central government issued a housing restriction policy, which limited families’ purchase of housing and commercial loans for the real estate companies. It supposed to control the demand of the real estate, and lower the housing price. However, after following this policy for 4 years. The housing price still keeps growing. Many small real estate companies were heavily effect by this policy. Some of them had exited this market. However, the financial statements from several big real estate companies in China indicated that these companies were making more profit and experiencing†¦show more content†¦The second reason is the monopoly in land supply. In China, lands are owned by state. Government is the only supplier in land market. In many cities, the land auctions are a major source of fiscal income. For profit-oriented land finance of local government, the govern ment actually controls the price of land by controlling the quantity of supply. With the price much higher than it should be, new entrants cannot afford it or make profit by using it. In an auction notification in 2014 in Shenzhen (one of the biggest cities in China), a parcel of land with a permitted construction area of 500000 square meters was given a starting price of 6.72 billion yuan (1.1 billion dollar). In fact, even after the auction, the land is still owned by state, the company just gets the right to use it for 75 years or shorter. The third reason is the imperfect dissemination of information. The housing information is mainly control by the companies. Many of the information are not released. For example, all the information we can access is the total average price and trading volume. Obviously, the companies have more information than ordinary people. Before the government regulation in 2010, there are many real estate companies in the market. For example, even some breweries engaged in real estate. It seems like a competitive market will many buyers and sellers. The regulation policy in 2010

The Truth, Belief, And Justification - 982 Words

According to the questions raised by the directions of this essay, the central questions in the Theory of Knowledge are usually found in the most central areas of western philosophy as one studies the nature, source, and validity of knowledge. Despite the fact that people might use the word â€Å"know† but many have difficulty grasping the concept. Although you could classify knowledge in different ways but the main concern of epistemology is a propositional knowledge which is the facts, analyzing the truth, belief, and justification. Epistemology is important in how we think. How we rely upon our senses and develop concepts in our minds. Are humans capable of knowing, understanding everything or something in the universe too complicated for any human being (essay directions). As a human, there are many limitations and the brains are faulty. A perfect example is one person could not visit the trillions of solar systems and explore all planets in the universe. Our jour ney through life is constantly a learning process. God knows that man is limited because he made him that way. He knows that man will side with many ways of the world, as he has given man a soul which gives man the opportunity to learn the true knowledge. There are facts to true knowledge and yet there are many guesses and opinions (essay direction). Atheists disagree about the existence of god, to believe in miracles, or to accept the revelation and scriptures as authoritative which lead up to theShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Knowledge? : Nature Of Belief, Justification And Truth Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pagescan be taken many ways. Knowledge is a justified belief, one that is different opinion. Knowledge is the basis to which beliefs are known, whereas an opinion is a belief which is not known. Unit III A focuses on the etymology of the word knowledge which is defined as the study of epistemology. Philosophy finds its â€Å"true beginning† from the study of epistemology. To have knowledge means to find an equal ground between true beliefs and justified beliefs. For the basis of this paper, the three sub topicsRead MoreInternalism Theory of Knowledge1183 Words   |  5 PagesInternalism is one of the epistemic theories of knowle dge and is explained as the effects that cause beliefs to be justified or unjustified. They are called J- factors and they must in some way, be internal to the subject. The best way to internalize J-Factors is to limit them to beliefs. The constraint internalists place on J-Factors is more plausibly constructed in terms of intellectual convenience. What meets the requirements as a J-factor must be something that is cognitively easily reached toRead MoreUse The Justified True Belief ( Jtb ) Theory909 Words   |  4 PagesJustified True Belief (JTB) theory to define knowledge. As according to JTB theory, knowledge constitutes three attributes that include: truth, justification, and belief. According to the traditional analysis of knowledge, JTB is sufficient and necessary for knowledge. In the tripartite analysis of knowledge, the first condition is; S knows that P if and only if P is true. In the second condition, S must belief in p, and the last condition is that S must be justifie d by believing in P. For a belief to beRead MorePlato s View On Epistemology1459 Words   |  6 Pagespresenting the issues with both Plato’s and Gettier’s arguments. Plato’s view on epistemology is an attempt to explicate propositional knowledge; the knowledge of facts. It is composed of three separate conditions, truth, belief, and justification. I will begin by explaining the truth condition. This condition is generally unrefuted by epistemologists for how can we know something that is false? We can think we know something and then it turns out we don’t, but that just means we were wrong to thinkRead MoreWeaknesses And Philosophies Of The Correspondence Theory Of Truth733 Words   |  3 PagesINTRODUCTION Truth is a tricky thing. What is truth? How is truth determined? How is truth verified? There have been many theories surrounding this idea since practically the dawn of human sentience. Philosophers have developed theory after theory to try and answer these questions. One of these theories is called the Correspondence Theory. The Correspondence Theory, also known as the Correspondence Theory of Truth, is significant to the epistemological study of truth. It has been a revolvingRead MoreReasons For Thinking That Either Foundationalism Or Coherentism About Justification Must Be True?1621 Words   |  7 Pagesabout justification must be true? In a discussion of foundationalism and coherentism, the pyramid and raft are metaphors frequently used to help explain how these two theories respectively function. Foundationalism implies that any body of knowledge can be divided up into parts that relate or constitute some understanding of this knowledge. The foundationalists’ pyramid represents such a body; the axioms (self-evident truths) of the system all sit at the bottom of the structure and each truth throughoutRead MoreIs Reliabilism Is True, Could We Ever Know Whether We Know Anything?1158 Words   |  5 Pagesthat will be presented, it is suggested that there is no way of knowing whether we know anything, when using the reliabilist form of justification as a way to reach truth. To begin, reliabilism is a form of justification where we do not need to account for the exact sources our beliefs come from because it â€Å"is externalist in character† (Handout 10). Moreover, a belief is justified if it was formed by an unconditionally reliable process, or by a conditionally reliable process that receives input fromRead MoreEmpirical Justification On The Right Track By Accepting Basic Belief Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesFoundationalism empirical justification is on the right track by accepting basic belief although there are some complications I will be attempting to show how non-propositional and non-conceptual states can stand in evidentiary relation to propositions. There is still some work must be done to prove what can constitute as basic beliefs and how they develop a sense of truth. â€Å"Epistemological account of empirical knowledge must provide a general account of standards of epistemic justification that pertains toRead MoreTheories Of Knowledge, Justified Belief And Truth897 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of knowledge, justified belief and truth has been a primary focus of philosophers for a long time and I believe will continue to be. What I consider to be the biggest issue when it comes to Epistemology is how we justify our beliefs. How can we be sure that our justifications for our beliefs are sufficient? Also, how do we ensure that our sources of knowledge have sufficient justifications for their knowledge and beliefs? Distinguishing between reliable sources of information andRead MoreThe Difference Between Truth And Belief1585 Words   |  7 Pages I would argue that the single most important feature that defines the difference between truth and belief is faith. If truth is justified belief I think in a lot of ways faith is unjustified belief . And by unjustified I mean there is not always a logical justification, in some cases there is but logical justification is not a requirement for faith, at least in my experience. I understand that to have faith in something is often considered a positive thing, and do not get me wrong, it can be. I am

Analysis on Business Marketing Free Essays

â€Å"Everything is worth what its purchaser will pay for it. † This phrase was said many centuries ago and is still worth today. Any time customer, in fact these customers whose costs are driven by what they purchase, increasingly look to purchasing as a way to increase profits and thus pressure suppliers to reduce prices. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis on Business Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now A good example beside the one in the article is when you are going to buy a car and you start searching about what car dealer is the best for you to buy yours. How can you decide which of the dealers it’s the best for you, it is a good question. A growing number of suppliers have created a customer value models, that is no more than data-driven representations, of the worth in monetary terms, of what the suppliers are going to could do for its customers. I have been talking about values, but what they are and what values are in business is what I’m going to explain right now. In business market values are the worth in monetary form of the technical, economic, service and social benefits any customer receives in exchange for the price it pays for a market offering. An example of value in monetary term is dollars per unit, guilders per liter, or kroner per hour. On the other hand, benefits are no more than in which any costs a customer incurs in obtaining the desire benefits, except for purchase price, are included. And finally value is what a customer gets in exchange for the price it pays. In fact, value is one of the two elemental characteristics of marketing offer; the other one is price. Field value assessments that is the most commonly and accurate method used to build customer value models. This value is used to collect data about customer value models. However, if the field value does not work suppliers use direct and indirect survey question and focus groups. As everything in our life, the first time you do something is the most difficult. To get started with the customer value model the first thing a supplier need to do is to put together the right kind of value research team. In this team should be included the people with the product, engineers in the specified field, and people with marketing experience. This last option is very important because it is really important to have people who know the customer way of thinking. The next step is to know the right market segment. Knowing this, the suppliers create a base with at least twelve customers to build an initial value model. Then it is a good time to generate a comprehensive list of value elements. These elements will be the one that affects the costs and benefits of the offering in the customer’s business. The elements could be technical, economic, service or social in nature and will vary in their tangibility. But suppliers have to be very carefully on checking which elements left out, especially those that might make the suppliers’ market offering look unfavorable next to the next-best-alternative offering will undermine the projects credibility. By knowing as many elements as possible the team will be able to determine more accurately the difference in functionality and performance its offers provides relative to the next-best-alternative. Most of the time the customers do not know that they have the data information that the suppliers are looking for. Some time the only way to find this data is for the team members to ask around until they come across the person who knows where to find the information. These teams also need to be creative in finding other sources of information. Independent industry consultants or knowledgeable personnel in the supplier company can be good sources of initial estimates. The comfort with which team can establish monetary estimates for its value elements will vary. Actually, most suppliers do not even attempts to assign monetary amounts to social elements. Instead, they put those elements and discuss them with the customer in a qualitative way after presenting quantitative results. An example of this is the Qualcomm Company, that not assign monetary amounts to many less-tangible elements but still includes them in its analysis as â€Å"value placeholders. † In any field value assessments, the suppliers will find that some assumptions must be made in order to complete an analysis. It is critical to suppliers to be explicit about any assumptions it makes. If a customer does not know how or why the team assigned a certain value to an element, the supplier’s credibility will be compromised. After building the initial value model the suppliers should validate it, by conducting additional assessments with other customers in the market segment. Doing this the supplier will also learn how the value its offering provide varies across kinds of customers. The supplier will also need to create value-based sale tools. One common sale tool is a value case history, which is no more than written accounts that document the costs savings or added value that a customer receive from its uses of a supplier market offering. Now it is a good time to put an understanding of value to use. A good way to do this is using the supplier knowledge to tailor supplementary service, programs and systems in its current market offering and to guide the development of new offerings. A company’s ability to manage flexible markets offerings successfully rest on its understanding of the value each component of an offering creates as well as its associates cost. Identifying and eliminating value drains result in better allocation of resources and improved profitability. Gaining customer is another of the steps of this project. Knowing of how the market offers specifically deliver value to customer enables suppliers to craft persuasive propositions. By providing evidence to customers of the company’s accomplishments, suppliers demonstrate their trustworthiness and commitment to customers. In this way customers feel more self-confident with the company they are doing business with. Understanding value in business is the essence of customer value management. It is also good for delivering superior values and obtain an equitable return for it. Now are you ready to choose your car’s vendor. How to cite Analysis on Business Marketing, Essay examples

Cloud Base Electronic Health Record Systems -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Cloud Base Electronic Health Record Systems? Answer: Introduction: Headspace is an Australian company dealing with the mental problems of the young generation. The term "cloud-based" denotes the resources, services, and applications that are available to the users by Internet. The project at Headspace has been seeking the cloud-based solutions that are investigated in the report. The various relevant aspects of the cloud-based solutions are identified here. At first, the report describes the non-functional requirements. Next, it has reviewed the cloud-based solutions. Lastly, the relevant SDLC approach is deduced. The Non-functional requirements: Various efficient, innovative applications have been failing and breaking in the market. This happens because they have not been meeting the non-functional requirements or NFR like the overall reliability, response time and the performance. Conventionally, the architects have been reacting to the NFR by modification of the size and shape of Headspace's infrastructure. A number of users active at the same time have been managed through partitioning the user session on a various system that has been moving in parallel (de la Torre-Dez et al., 2015). The response time could be developed through the eradication of the performance bottlenecks that takes place generally in the storage usage and database. The service requirements have been met through incorporating the new devices that are capable of the high volume and quick logging of the event and much more (Gray Rumpe, 2016). However, in the environment of cloud, the options available to Headspace's architect to manage the NFRs have be en more restricted. The nonfunctional requirements are identified below. Critical system qualities: The NFRs has been persistent about the qualities. They are revisited typically as the part of the DoD or "Definition of Done" for every iteration, release and program increment. They existed in every SAFe backlog levels like the portfolio, large solution, program, and team (Helo et al., 2014). System interfaces: Headspace has been creating the POS terminal system interfacing to various service applications like the tax calculator and inventory control. Headspace's system should be tolerant towards the faults. This means as the distant service is unavailable temporarily, it should be able to capture and handle the cash payments. User interface requirements: Headspace must consider the user experience more than just delivering the user interface they have been thinking is proper. It has been turning hard in implementing the good-user interaction and interface for the SaaS offering (Abolfazli et al., 2014). This is because the spectrum of the user could improve much more. System constraints: The constraints of the NFR needed to impose on the system of IT are the technology constraints, business constraints, non-runtime qualities and the runtime qualities. The quality attributes have been the overall factors affecting the system design, user experience, and the run-time behavior. They have been representing the sectors that possess the ability for the solution to have a huge impact around the tiers and layers (Rodrigues et al., 2013). Comparison of the attributes regarding the functional and non-functional requirements: Unlike the case of functional requirements, in the non-functional sector, the application interfaces are designed with the consumer and user in mind. For this reason, they are intuitive in usage and could be localized and localized. They have been further providing access for the disabled users and delivering the efficient user experience. The reliability has been the systems' ability in continuing its operation in the desired way on time. This has been measured as the system's probability that could not fail and do its intended tasks for a particular interval of time (Al-Somali Baghabra, 2016). This has been the indication of the system's responsiveness in executing the particular tasks in a particular time gap. For the NFRs it has been measured according to the throughput and the latency. The performance of the application could affect the scalability directly. Moreover, the lack of the scalability could also affect the performance. This has been the ability of the system in reducing the scopes of accidental or malicious actions external to the designed usage impacting the system. This has been preventing the loss or disclosure of data. The development of security could also raise the system's reliability to reduce the scopes of attack impairing and succeeding the system operation. The securing of the system could also protect the resources and restrict the unauthorized access to the change of data (Sivakumar et al., 2014). The strengths and weaknesses of cloud-based solutions: With the help of cloud computing, the substantial capital expenses could save with empty in-house storage of server and application requirements. The lack of the on-premises infrastructure has been also removing the related operating expenses in the form of administration costs, air-conditioning, and the power. The cloud computing has been much more consistent and reliable with the controlled service platform. Headspace could get advantages from the huge pool of the redundant resources of IT along with the fast failover process. Manageability: The cloud computing has been delivering the simplified and the developed maintenance and management capabilities of IT via the core administration (Wang et al., 2014). The ever-rising resource of computing has been providing the competitive edge on the competitors. Headspace could deploy the critical applications delivering important business profits rather than the upfront expenses and minimal time of provisioning. Since the service providers of cloud have been taking care of various clients all the day, they have been turning overwhelmed and going against the technical outrages. This has been leading to the business processes being suspended temporarily (Khan et al., 2015). Though the service providers have been implementing the most effective security standards and the certifications from the industry, the storage of important files externally has been always being open to risks. For example, in the cloud architecture that has been multi-tenant, the multiple users could be hosted on the similar server. There any hacker could break into that data of the users stored and hosted on the similar server. Though the cloud service providers have been promising that the cloud has been flexible in usage and integration, the switching to the cloud services has not been evolved entirely. Headspace could find that hard to transmit the services from the one to other vendors (Ryan, 2013). Keeping the data secure: As the consumers go for cloud services, making sense of the standards has been important. This includes the responsibilities of the entities and then maintains the patient's trusts. For providing the foundation to address the relevant problems, with clouds, the basic understanding of the HITECH and HIPAA could be considered including the regulations, laws, and rules. The acts include the access, availability, integrity and data control along with the implications of the multitenant environments shared and data security. It has been often neglecting the intricacies of the complicated set of regulations, rules, and laws. The security and privacy have been generally used as the buzzwords, instead of considering the nuances integrated to HITECH and HIPAA. Thus they have been obscuring the value of compliance (Church Goscinski, 2014). It has been consisting of particular standards of privacy and security for particular health information known as HIPAA Privacy Rule and Security Rule. HIIPA has This act needed the secretary for expanding the Privacy and Security rules of HIPAA and raises the penalties to violate the act. At last, the office for the civil rights had the jurisdiction only on the entities covered for the security breaches. In the act of HITECH, the privacy and security rules of HIPAA has been broadened to be applied to the business associates. These are defined as the entities or persona performing particular activities or functions involving the disclosure or use of the PHI. This has been on the behalf of the delivered services to the entity covered (Babu, Lakshmi Rao, 2015). The BAs or Business Agreements has been generally delivering the services like the claims administration or processing, utilization review, data analysis or practice management. The cloud provider has been storing the PHI on the behalf of the entity covered directly. It could also be indirect via other BA. The SDLC Approach: The classic instance of the Predictive SDLC method has been the "Waterfall Model". This has been the set of series of phases flowing in definable steps. They are generally represented as the requirements captured in the software and business, designing in the software and business, construction, testing and debussing, integration, maintenance, and installation (Taleb, 2014). The classic instance of the adaptive SDLC method is the Scrum or the XP or Extreme Programming that are regarded to be agile. The Agile methods have been defined as those who have been following the Agile Manifesto. These are the set of central principles supporting the iterative development. It has been valuing the interactions and the individuals over the tools and processes and the working software on the comprehensive documentation (Inayat et al., 2017). This has also been including the collaboration of customers on the contract negotiation and reacting to the changes on following the plan. Recommendation For the project the Adaptive SDLC is suitable. This reason is described hereafter. It has been focusing on the customer satisfaction through the fast delivery of the helpful software. The working software has been delivered much frequently. This software has been basic measures of development. The late changes in the requirements are also welcomed here. They have been closing the regular operation between the developed and the business people. There could be a direct conversation as the best type of communication (Inayat et al., 2017). The Headspace project could be built across the motivated people, who might be trusted. There has been a continuous focus on the technical excellence and the good design. Moreover, it is simple, comprising of self-organizing groups and regularly adapting the changing scenarios. Conclusion: The report has described the context of the cloud system to be deployed at Headspace. It has compared the various attributes and evaluated the appropriateness. It has been also helpful in differentiating between the collected techniques and assimilating properly to the Headspace project. The report has helped in learning to formulate and justify the models of system requirements on the assessments of the provided situations. Lastly, it has recommended the Agile or Adaptive system of modeling regarding the SDLC to the project. References: Abolfazli, S., Sanaei, Z., Ahmed, E., Gani, A., Buyya, R. (2014). Cloud-based augmentation for mobile devices: motivation, taxonomies, and open challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(1), 337-368. Al-Somali, S., Baghabra, H. (2016). Investigating the Determinants of IT Professionals' Intention to Use Cloud-Based Applications and Solutions: An Extension of the Technology Acceptance.International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing (IJCAC),6(3), 45-62. Babu, S. M., Lakshmi, A. J., Rao, B. T. (2015, April). A study on cloud based Internet of Things: CloudIoT. InCommunication Technologies (GCCT), 2015 Global Conference on(pp. 60-65). IEEE. Church, P. C., Goscinski, A. M. (2014). A survey of cloud-based service computing solutions for mammalian genomics.IEEE Transactions on Services Computing,7(4), 726-740. de la Torre-Dez, I., Lopez-Coronado, M., Soto, B. G. Z., Mendez-Zorrilla, A. (2015). Secure Cloud-Based Solutions for Different eHealth Services in Spanish Rural Health Centers.Journal of medical Internet research,17(7). Gray, J., Rumpe, B. (2016). The evolution of model editors: browser-and cloud-based solutions. Helo, P., Suorsa, M., Hao, Y., Anussornnitisarn, P. (2014). Toward a cloud-based manufacturing execution system for distributed manufacturing.Computers in Industry,65(4), 646-656. Inayat, Z., Gani, A., Anuar, N. B., Anwar, S., Khan, M. K. (2017). Cloud-Based Intrusion Detection and Response System: Open Research Issues, and Solutions.Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering,42(2), 399-423. Khan, Z., Anjum, A., Soomro, K., Tahir, M. A. (2015). Towards cloud based big data analytics for smart future cities.Journal of Cloud Computing,4(1), 2. Rodrigues, J. J., De La Torre, I., Fernndez, G., Lpez-Coronado, M. (2013). Analysis of the security and privacy requirements of cloud-based electronic health records systems.Journal of medical Internet research,15(8). Ryan, M. D. (2013). Cloud computing security: The scientific challenge, and a survey of solutions.Journal of Systems and Software,86(9), 2263-2268. Sivakumar, A., Gopalakrishnan, V., Lee, S., Rao, S., Sen, S., Spatscheck, O. (2014, February). Cloud is not a silver bullet: A case study of cloud-based mobile browsing. InProceedings of the 15th Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications(p. 21). ACM. Taleb, T. (2014). Toward carrier cloud: Potential, challenges, and solutions.IEEE Wireless Communications,21(3), 80-91. Wang, L., Wang, X. V., Gao, L., Vncza, J. (2014). A cloud-based approach for WEEE remanufacturing.CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,63(1), 409-412.

Mushrooms Essay Example For Students

Mushrooms Essay fungus characterized by spore-bearing gills on the underside of an umbrella- or cone-shaped cap. The term mushroom is properly restricted to the plants above-ground portion, which is the reproductive organ. Once a delicacy for the elite, edible mushrooms are now grown commercially, especially strains of the meadow mushroom (Agaricus campestris). Although mushrooms contain some protein and minerals, they are largely water and hence of limited nutritive value. Inedible, or poisonous, species are often popularly referred to as toadstools; one of the best-known poisonous mushrooms is the death angel (genus Amanita).member of a kingdom (Fungi) of non-photosynthesizing organisms that live as PARASITES */articles/09834.html*, symbionts, or SAPROPHYTES */articles/11467. html*. Fungi are multicellular (with the exception of YEASTS */articles/14076.html*); the body of most consists of slender cottony filaments, or hyphae. All fungi are capable of asexual REPRODUCTION */articles/10898. html* by cell division, budding, fragmentation, or SPORES */articles/12235.html*. Those that reproduce sexually alternate a sexual generation (GAMETOPHYTE */articles/04896.html*) with a spore-producing one. The three divisions of fungi are the zygomycetes (e.g., black bread MOLD */articles/08618.html*), the ascomycetes (e. g., yeasts, powdery mildews, TRUFFLES */articles/13079.html*, and blue-green molds such as Penicillium) and deuteromycetes (the imperfect fungi, e.g. , species that cause RINGWORM */articles/10999.html*), and the basidiomycetes (e.g., MUSHROOMS */articles/08890. html*, smuts, and puffballs). Fungi help decompose organic matter (important in soil renewal) and are valuable as a source of ANTIBIOTICS */articles/00579.html*, vitamins, and various industrial chemicals and for their role in FERMENTATION */articles/04432.html*. Science Essays

Obamas Rhetoric Essay Example

Obamas Rhetoric Essay Barack Obamas rhetorical style is broadly acknowledged to be one of the most outstanding examples of communication strategy in recent political oratory. His political success reinforces the thesis that language is a powerful tool to influence citizens. The relationship between power, discourse and cognition provides the theoretical framework for the present analysis of Obama? s Inaugural Address; a speech which relies on literal meanings, and above all on figurative ones. Using this speech I will demonstrate how metaphor is a powerful strategy since first, it facilitates the understanding of abstract concepts in a short time span; second, it conveys positive images that benefit the orator; and, finally, because the message conveyed is doubly powerful as it works through both auditory and visual channels. EL DISCURSO DE INVESTIDURA DE BARACK OBAMA: METAFORA Y VALORES COMO ESTRATEGIAS PERSUASIVAS PARA CELEBRAR UNA PRESIDENCIA LE DISCOURS D’INVESTITURE DE BARACK OBAMA: METAPHORE ET VALEURS COMME STRATEGIES PERSUASIVES POUR CELEBRER UNE PRESIDENCE We will write a custom essay sample on Obamas Rhetoric specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Obamas Rhetoric specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Obamas Rhetoric specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer RESUMEN: La estrategia retorica de Barack Obama es una de las mas sorprendentes en la oratoria politica mas reciente. Una victoria politica que refuerza la tesis del lenguaje como arma poderosa para influir en los ciudadanos. Las relaciones entre poder, discurso y cognicion constituyen el marco teorico del presente analisis en torno al Discurso de Investidura pronunciado por Obama en su toma de posesion como presidente; un discurso basado en significados literales y, sobre todo, metaforicos. Tal recurrencia mostrara el poder de la estrategia metaforica: Primero, porque la metafora facilita el comprension de conceptos abstractos en un breve espacio de tiempo; segundo, porque transmite imagenes positivas que benefician al orador; por ultimo, porque el mensaje metaforico es doblemente efectivo puesto que funciona a traves de un canal auditivo y otro visual. PALABRAS CLAVES: oratoria politica; poder; estrategia; metafora; cognicion. SUMARIO: 1. Introduccion 2. Procedimiento 3. Funcion antropologica de la metafora en el Discurso de Investidura de Obama 4. Las metaforas belicas, del edificio y el viaje en el Discurso de Investidura de Obama 4. 1. La metafora belica 4. 2. La metafora del edificio 4. 3. La metafora del viaje 5. La retorica de los valores 6. Conclusion RESUME: La strategie rhetorique de Barack Obama est l’une des plus surprenantes de l’art oratoire politique le plus recent. Une victoire politique qui renforce la these du langage comme arme puissante pour avoir de l’influence sur les citoyens. Les relations entre pouvoir, discours et cognition constituent la delimitation theorique de cette analyse autour du Discours d’Investiture prononce par Obama lors de sa prise de possession comme president; un discours base sur des significations litterales et, surtout, metaphoriques. Cette recurrence montrera le pouvoir de la strategie metaphorique: en premier lieu, parce que la metaphore facilite la comprehension de concepts abstraits dans un bref espace de temps; deuxiemement, parce qu’elle transmet des images positives qui profitent a l’orateur; enfin, parce que le message metaphorique est doublement effectif etant donne qu’il fonctionne par l’intermediaire d’un canal auditif et d’un canal visuel. MOTS CLES: art oratoire politique; pouvoir; strategie; metaphore; cognition. SOMMAIRE: 1. Introduction 2. Notre approche 3. Fonction anthropologique de la metaphore dans le Discours d’Investiture d’Obama 4. Les metaphores de guerre, du batiment et du voyage dans le Discours d’Investiture d’Obama 4. 1. La metaphore de guerre 4. 2. La metaphore du batiment 4. 3. La metaphore du voyage 5. La rhetorique des valeurs 6. Conclusion KEY WORDS: political oratory; strategy; metaphor; cognition. power; SUMMARY: 1. Introduction 2. Our approach 3. Embodied function of metaphor in Obama’s â€Å"Inaugural Address† 4. War, construction, and journey metaphors in Obama’s Inaugural Address 4. 1. The war metaphor 4. . The construction metaphor 4. 3. The journey metaphor 5. The rhetoric of the American values 6. Conclusion Fecha de Recepcion Fecha de Revision Fecha de Aceptacion Fecha de Publicacion 15/04/2011 17/10/2011 18/11/2011 01/12/2011 pragmalingiuistica 19 (2011) 44-55 45 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO â€Å"The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms†. Barack Obama, Inaugural Address, 1-20-2009) 1. INTRODUCTION Language is the only tangible vehicle to access knowledge as well as a powerful tool that influences perceptions, and behaviors (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969). Words that evoke emotion may have a strong psychological impact on the audience (Ullman, 1969). Additionally, discursive genres are embedded in the culture and society in which they are produced. Therefore, any speech with the purpose of persuasion requires the most careful choice of language and contextual adjustment. Thus, political discourse seems to be a clear piece of evidence where rhetorical language is seen in action. This article attempts to analyse Obama’s Inaugural Address as a means of transmitting the American Dream to argue that metaphorical representation is essential to the relationships between word and action. This work will demonstrate that one reason for Obama’s success is that his linguistic choices are conveyed in captivating metaphors which often emerge from the American values. Relationships between metaphor, rhetoric and politics along with methodology used in study will be discussed in the first section. Evidence of metaphorical instances in Obama’s Inaugural Address is shown through the whole article as devices which help connect him psychologically with his audience. The second section explores the connections between Obama’s metaphors and notions related to the human body and its surrounding experience. Section three demonstrates how some metaphors work as cognitive patterns which provide whole semantic fields (Lakoff, 1980: 36; Cuenca Hilferty, 1999: 72): Political activity will be conceptualized as a battle, a construction, and a journey. The last section analyses some of the American values underlying Obamas Inaugural Address, and how, through an extremely empathic speech, the messages conveyed help connect Obama with his audience. 2. OUR APPROACH Persuasive strategies in political rhetoric are found in literal meanings, and also often in figurative. Scholars have agreed that metaphor is frequent and diverse (T. Carver, 2008; Honohan, 2008; Pikalo, 2008; Fridolfsson, 2008), ranging from election time to celebration speeches (Mieder, 2009; Vertessen Landtsheer, 2008). The reasons for such abundance of metaphors lie in the fact that they serve as both powerful learning tools and persuasive devices. A metaphor has learning power because it facilitates the understanding of messages by converting abstract notions into concrete ones (G. Lakoff, 1980; Cuenca Hilferty, 1999). Its persuasive power lies in the subliminal meanings conveyed by unconscious associations of words. Therefore, metaphor is a major means of ideological transmission appealing â€Å"to our emotions (or pathos) through unconsciously formed set 46 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO of beliefs, attitudes and values. † (Charteris-Black, 2005: 175) While it projects positive images that benefit the orator, it also conveys negative ones for his adversary. Consequently, it has the power to act as an emotional stimulus whose response may significantly change listeners attitudes and actions. Finally, the message conveyed by metaphor is doubly powerful as it works through both auditory and visual channels at the same time, a verbal message and a mental image. Metaphors embody basic motives and can even appeal to international audiences (M. Osborn, 2009:81). However, metaphors often need to be adapted to the culture in which they are uttered in order to be persuasively effective (J. Aitchison, 1997: 92). Hence, not only do metaphors have a cognitive nature, but they also need to be culturally grounded. For this reason, metaphors may vary under time and space constraints as shown by diverse oratory styles (Charteris-Black, 2005; Mussolf, 2004). The theoretical framework presented in Critical Metaphor Analysis (Charteris-Black, 2004) provides an adequate approach to determine and analyze a specific set of metaphors found in Obama? s Inaugural Address. The cognitive theory of conceptual metaphor mapping is closely related to patterns of source domains usually salient to the audience. This is the reason why political activity is often considered a journey, a war, and a construction. Moreover, understanding social, cultural and ideological values is central to account for certain metaphorical choices. According to Charteris-Black (2004: 12), metaphor is an effective persuasive tool because it â€Å"taps into an accepted communal system of values. † Regarding previous works on metaphor, persuasion and ideology (Charteris-Black, 2004, Guitart, 2005; Lakoff, 2006; Mussolf, 2008), this article will demonstrate that Obama? s choice of metaphors is conscious and often carried out under the influence of a set system of values. A qualitative approach is central to this work. Therefore, it takes into account Praglejazz and E. Semino’s Metaphor Identification Procedure (2007) to determine the metaphoricity which takes place in Obama’s victory speech. MIP is based on a comparison between contextual and basic meanings. If the meaning of a lexical unit can be understood by comparing it to its basic one, the unit can be termed as metaphorical. This method focuses on the distinction between words conveying metaphorical meaning and those which do not according to context as a wide range of words can be considered metaphorical depending on different contexts. For instance, the term crusade is metaphorically intended in Bush’s rhetoric, it is interpreted as literal by many Muslims (Charteris-Black, 2004). 3. EMBODIED FUNCTION OF METAPHOR IN OBAMA’S â€Å"INAUGURAL ADDRESS† As G. Lakoff M. Johnson (1980) stated, people categorize their surrounding reality by establishing boundaries according to their own experience. In metaphorical speech, abstract notions are usually organized in physical objects, spatial orientations, and fixed structures, relating to daily human experience. Therefore, the resulting notions become more familiar, easier to understand, and are processed much faster. The human body is a productive lexical field for metaphorical creation in political discourse as Obama’s Inaugural Address demonstrates. For example, in the following excerpt, â€Å"†¦ these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he uses an evaluative image related to the body term hand described as raw, and surrounded by verbs such as struggle, sacrifice, and work. In the next example, he refers to a metaphorical phrase containing pragmalingiuistica 19 (2011) 44-55 47 the words hand and fist, â€Å"To those who cling to power [ ] we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist. † Likewise, another metaphor combining bodily needs and nature appears as a parallel reference to body and mind, â€Å" ake your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. † Nature and natural phenomena terminology described in different ways, icy currents, rising tides, gathering clouds, water of peace and raging storms, lead us to associations with bad and good times, â€Å"†¦in this winter of our hardsh ip, [†¦], let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. † [†¦] The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. Many inanimate beings are conceptually, and linguistically, treated as humans. In other words, typically human features and actions are assigned to institutions, countries, and organizations. Relevant consequences arise from the analogy embodied in personifications. First, listeners feel a greater identification and a more positive attitude towards the object that has â€Å"become† human. Second, personification conveys more information than literal speech in a shorter utterance, which paradoxically is processed faster. In Obama? Inaugural speech, the word America undergoes a process of personification which results in a captivating metaphor because of its affectionate tone. For example, we read about ? Americas birth? , in other words, an America who is born into a new age of Obama? s victory; we also read about â€Å" a young nation †, and finally we read that â€Å" America is a friend † In the sphere of international politics, Obama? s Address depicts nations as humans, highlighting the need for good relationships in a globalized world: â€Å" reater cooperation and understanding between nations † where â€Å" the world grows smaller † Other abstract entities such as system, crisis, and economy undergo a similar process, â€Å"†¦our system cannot tolerate too many big plans †, â€Å"†¦this crisis has reminded us†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and â€Å" the state of the economy calls for action†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Finally, one last personification which draws our attention is â€Å"†¦worn out dogmas that [ ] have strangled our politics. † This represents another captivating metaphor because of the negative associations conveyed in the gra phic idea of strangulation. Obama relates prior attitudes of intolerance with the deterioration of the Republican? s political activity. In addition to metaphor, metonym is another commonplace in political communication. The mental process involved in this strategy relates to the substitution of one entity for another without the use of an analogy. For instance, the name of a place is used instead of the activity which takes place there. In Obama? s speech, as in many other political speeches, words that name capital cities such as Washington or Madrid most frequently replace the word government. In turn, government is used instead of an explicit reference to â€Å"the elected and nonelected officials†. In both cases, this substitution takes place between a city and an institution, respectively, to refer to people and their activities. Metaphor and metonym often function together. For instance, the word government can be used for people, and at the same time to refer to human actions assigned to such institution, as stated in the following excerpt from the Inaugural speech, â€Å"The question [ ] is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works whether it helps families find jobs The same process applies to the term country, â€Å"†¦what this country has already done†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as institutions, â€Å"†¦our schools fail too many†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Likewise, America becomes the 48 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO audienc e, But know this, America † A cause-effect metonym is also used by Obama to designate energy resources instead of its effect, â€Å"We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. Another metonymic connection has been found to name containers in the place of their content, â€Å"†¦the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together† instead of referring to energy itself. Synecdoche, a type of metonym that names a part for the whole, or vice versa, can also be traced to one of Obamas statements where the term heart replaces person, â€Å"†¦our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Likewise, he mentions particular institutions such as schools, colleges, and universities instead of referring to a faulty education system, â€Å" nd we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. † In sum, the use of these devic es could lead us to believe that the mental processes involved play an essential role as captivating strategies because of the psychological connections these devices build between orator and audience. 4. WAR, CONSTRUCTION, AND JOURNEY METAPHORS IN OBAMA’S INAUGURAL ADDRESS Certain metaphors are known as structural metaphors (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980). They are named structural because they generate new metaphors out of a single semantic field in order to form a whole group of metaphors around the same topic. Some of the major semantic fields as speeches by European and American political leaders have proved are war, construction and journey. For instance, conflict metaphors are associated to M. Thatcher, journey metaphors, to M. Luther King and, construction ones to B. Clinton (Charteris-Black, 2005). This section will outline how this type of representation is used in Obama’s Inaugural Address to create captivating effects. 4. 1. THE WAR METAPHOR In general terms, POLITICAL ACTIVITY IS A WAR is a frequently used metaphor during election time (M. P. Guitart, 2005): Elections usually become battlefields; words turn to weapons; and opponents are enemies. Even when it is an inaugural speech, war lexicon is still evidenced like in the case of Obama? s, â€Å"†¦each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. † In a subtle manner, Obama criticizes the lack of measures taken in the US to save energy. He references the negative consequences of such waste for the country and for their neighboring democracies while he condemns the profit made by other countries. Additionally, messages sometimes switch from a metaphorical meaning to a literal one, as seen in the previous and also in the following excerpt, â€Å"We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you. † Through this fragment, listeners evoke â€Å"real† battles in their minds. They join Obama’s courageous leadership in defense of justice, and against those who attempt to frighten them by references to terror and slaughter. The next metaphor â€Å"†¦the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington pragmalingiuistica 19 (2011) 44-55 49 whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  evokes the respect that should be devoted to every soldier killed in Vietnam and buried in the Arlington National Cemetery as they still safeguard the freedom of the North American people. The next rhetorical choice, â€Å"On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord † conveys a much gentler tone than other politicians? rhetoric. Obama? style offers more positive meanings compared to fellow politicians and to the traditional linguistic confrontation practice in Europe and in the United States (Charteris-Black, 2005; Mussolf, 2008). For example, as far as Obama’s predecessor? s administration is concerned, Professor W. Fields (2008), expert on presidential rhetoric, posits â€Å"One of the contrasts b etween the two administrations is the care with which Obama uses language†. Indeed, Obama has sought to avoid the controversial phrase â€Å"war on terror†, mainly because of its negative anti-Islamic and anti-Arab associations (Cordesman, 2008: 36). As opposed to the frequent use of â€Å"metaphors of separation†, Obama’s â€Å"metaphor of hopeâ€Å" has been present in his speeches since his Address to the 2004 Democratic National Convention because â€Å"hope is the chance for a better world that can be produced in a society that values both strong personal and communitarian values. † (Rowland Jones, 2007: 442). 4. 2. THE CONSTRUCTION METAPHOR On the opposite extreme of bellicose analogies, the structural metaphor POLITICAL ACTIVITY IS A CONSTRUCTION is also present in Obama’s Inaugural Address. The construction analogy refers to the positive connotations of creation and building. Its contrast to the conflict metaphor is easily acknowledged in the following excerpt, â€Å" to those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their societys ills on the West know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. † These words are a compelling example of how Obama pursues a more subtle way of communication. He addresses his opponents emphasizing the idea of building as positive and destroying as negative. The notion of construction is often used metaphorically for its anthropological features. In other words, metaphors very often refer to peoples’ everyday customs like getting up, working or cleaning. This is also true in the next passage, â€Å" starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America. † This phrase draws our attention for the several reasons: First, the idea conveyed in the metaphor â€Å" starting today, we must [ ] dust ourselves off † implies the abandonment of certain past habits to adopt new ones, and emerges from the literal meaning of removing dust from furniture. Second, it relates to the reconstruction of America as a consequence of Obama? s victory, â€Å" begin [ ] the work remaking America † In fact, Obama goes further with both metaphors as he applies the positive associations of building to a new era, the new America which has just begun with his election, and with the new policies which, in his own words, â€Å" begin and start today † The last metaphor concerning the idea of construction and its positive associations is â€Å"the levee metaphor† found in the next excerpt: â€Å"it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this passage, Obama references to the levees which were destroyed during Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, 2005, and the solidarity showed by many Americans. 50 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO Through this metaphor; Obama attempts to convey two fundamental ideas: first, the importance of citizens to their country; second, the solidarity which the American people show towards others when a setback, problem or disaster arises. . 3. THE JOURNEY METAPHOR POLITICAL ACTIVITY IS A JOURNEY is another productive metaphor in political speech (M. P. Guitart, 2005). The main idea conveyed in this metaphor is that political activity is conceived as a journey. Accordingly, Obama’s Address regards life in politics as a journey full of ways, routes, and paths, â€Å"†¦it is the surest route to our commo n good. † He also refers to â€Å"†¦the road that unfolds before us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as an equivalent of â€Å"a double opportunity. † On other occasions, he depicts life as a progression, â€Å" this is the journey we continue today. Likewise, his references apply to the long distances walked together after having overcome difficulties, â€Å"†¦how far we have traveled. † An evident persuasive effect lies behind the unity that Obama creates with his audience. This captivating strategy of closeness is also evidenced in the next metaphor, â€Å"Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted [ ] Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom. It is the metaphor of a journey where long, rugged paths are taken and shared, abov e all, by every hard-working American whereas short-cuts and easy paths belong to others. This metaphor is an obvious praise towards the people whose subsequent positive emotional reaction is predictable (Santiago, 2010). On the long journey of life itself and life in politics, a forward movement is most likely perceived as positive as in the previous phrase â€Å" path towards prosperity and freedom. †, as well as in the following two, â€Å"†¦we intend to move forward†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and â€Å"†¦ we seek a new way forward, On the contrary, a backward movement is considered as something negative as shown in the following passage, â€Å"Let it be said by our childrens children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Positive and negative associations emerge from cultural meaning. Similarly, Obama employs the positive associations of the word future re inforced by the ideas conveyed in the combination of the terms peace and dignity. At the same time, he mentions â€Å"the weakest†, women and children, in a way that everyone feels included and important, â€Å"†¦every man, woman and child who seek a future of peace and dignity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As opposed to the notion of light, the idea of darkness is a negatively associated determinant as in the phrase â€Å"†¦our darkest hours†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to convey people? s suffering metaphorically. J. Darsey (2009) states that the potency of Obama’s rhetoric lies in the concurrence of two metaphorical journeys, his personal journey and America’s journey, especially concerning the issue of race. In this manner, the Inaugural Address represents a personal victory and communal victory, where both journeys coincide and conclude with the first Afro-American elected president of the United States of America. pragmalingiuistica 19 (2011) 44-55 51 5. THE RHETORIC OF THE AMERICAN VALUES Politics and persuasion have been closely related since ancient Greece, and the role of Aristotles ethos, pathos and logos still remains central to political discourse. Accordingly, Obamas rhetoric can be characterized as extremely empathic. In other words, he capitalizes on the appeal of ethos because he addresses his audience in a positive and courteous manner that the nation easily identifies with his views (Charteris-Black, 2005; Santiago, 2009; C. Steel, 2009). As far as Obama’s â€Å"A More Perfect Union† speech is concerned, G. Lakoff (2008) points out that itâ€Å"works via the emotional structure built into the speech and into our national ideals. † His rhetorical success can be traced in a set of particular values which G. Lakoff (2009) called â€Å"The Obama Code†. In this way, his Inaugural Address often references values conveyed in words such as responsibility, unity, caring, hope and loyalty among others. Additionally, the original values stated by the Framers of the American Constitution are the most important issue in the US political life according to G. Lakoff. Thus, from the very beginning of the Inaugural Address, Obama stresses his link to the Framers of the Constitution by saying, â€Å"I stand here today [ ] mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. † Moreover, through the use of empathic forms of address such as â€Å"We the People Obama relates the importance of loyalty to both American national forbearers, and the founding documents of the US, â€Å"†¦because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. † Signatories of the Declaration of Independence and drafters of the US Constitution are present ideologically as a driving force for the co untry, and linguistically as a metaphorical construction as shown in the next excerpt, â€Å"Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expediences sake. † This powerful image relates to dangerous work (charter full of perils) carried out by the Founding Fathers, and supported by the suffering and death (blood) of many courageous people. Consequently, such ideals are encouraging (light) and unforgettable. Another value referenced is a renewed notion of the American democracy, related to individual and, above all, social responsibility. A type of democracy which takes care of others as a way of â€Å" acting to make oneself, the country, and the world better because everybody deserves â€Å". protection and equal empowerment † from a moral government. Referring to the concept of framing, Obama has certainly given a renewed meaning to this word (D. Olive, 2008: 305). As expressed by Obama on CNN (2008), it implies â€Å"caring for the other† versus â€Å"extreme individualism†. Although emphasis is placed on societal respon sibility, personal responsibility is also necessary. In this way, Obama disarms the conservative criticism on liberals placing responsibility on the government and none on the individual (C. Rowland J. M. Jones, 2007: 441). Union is another value emphasized by Obama. M. S. Boyd (2009: 78) considers that â€Å"an all-encompassing message of unity [ ] makes his rhetoric more persuasive. † It is an idea of union as equivalent of inclusiveness, which applies to the issues of race and religion. Historically, race has been one of the hardest political issues to address in the United States. As 52 Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address: Metaphor and Values as Captivating Strategies to Celebrate a Presidency M. PILAR GUITART ESCUDERO Sharpley-Whiting (2008: 132) suggests, Obama’s speech on framing the race issue is a model which uses not only literal terms, but also metaphorical language. On the one hand, Obama deals with it as something that has already been overcome through his election as the following excerpt shows, â€Å"This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath. On the other hand, the next one indicates that he believes there is still more work to be done. This thought is conveyed by the tasting of â€Å"the bitter swill† which refers to racism as a â€Å"dark chapter† in history. Obama also refers to racism with another compelling image, â€Å"the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve†. This metaphor reminds American people that racism, which has created hate and divided people, will be soon eradicated, â€Å"†¦and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help ut believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve;† As for religious values, Obama wants to make clear that every creed is welcomed in the US, â€Å"We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth;† In that way, a broad cultural scope of the audience could be emotionally touched in a positive manner. He praises the diverse religions, cultures, and languages in a more effective way through the metaphorical image of the â€Å"patchwork heritage†, â€Å"For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength not a weakness. † Emphasis on particular religious references may not be politically successful depending on cultural context. In the case of the Inaugural Address, overt references to Obama? s religious faith, such as â€Å"Gods grace upon us† and â€Å"the knowledge that God calls† clearly plays to the political narrative of the US. The Christian religious background that has long influenced in the congregations of powerfully effective preachers becomes present in B. Obama? s speeches (Higgings, 2009). Indeed, he has a particular rhetoric training based on the black American church, which captured the rhetorical tradition of educating people through sermons (Davidson, 2009). The following excerpt from the Inaugural Address reminds us of a religious sermon with explicit references to God and the Scriptures, â€Å"†¦in the words of Scripture, [ time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. † Through several parallelisms such as â€Å" to reaffirm our [ ] to choose our †, â€Å" that precious gift, that noble idea † and â€Å" all are equal, a ll are free, and all deserve † the audie